Trends of malnutrition and contributing factors among children under five years in Cameroon: lessons from four rounds of DHS data

Abstract

Introduction: Malnutrition among children under five remains a pressing public health issue in Cameroon, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Understanding the factors influencing malnutrition over time is essential for designing effective, targeted interventions. Methods: This study uses data from four rounds of the Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) conducted in 2004, 2011, 2018, and 2022. Anthropometric indicators were used to assess nutritional outcomes, specifically stunting, wasting, and underweight. Bivariate analyses (Chi-square tests) and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to identify significant socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental predictors of malnutrition. Results: The prevalence of stunting declined from 35% in 2004 to 23% in 2022, reflecting gradual improvements in child nutrition. Despite this positive trend, malnutrition remains a significant concern. Key determinants of poor nutritional outcomes include low household wealth, limited maternal education, short birth intervals, lack of antenatal care, and rural residence. Conclusion: While there has been notable progress in reducing child malnutrition, it continues to pose a serious public health challenge in Cameroon. The study highlights the need for integrated, multisectoral strategies that address both direct child-related factors and broader household and maternal conditions. Policies aiming to improve maternal education, access to healthcare, and living standards are critical for further reducing malnutrition rates and enhancing child well-being.